序 學有機化學像看電影一樣簡單
第1章 鍵—線圖(Bond-Line Drawings)
1.1如何解讀鍵—線圖
(How to Read Bond-Line Drawings)
1.2如何畫鍵—線圖
(How to Draw Bond-Line Drawings)
1.3須避免的錯誤
(Mistakes to Avoid)
1.4更多練習
(More Exercises)
1.5確實認識形式電荷
(Identifying Formal Charges)
1.6找出沒有畫出來的未共用電子對
(Finding Lone Pairs That Are Not Drawn)
第2章 共振(Resonance)
2.1共振是什麼?
(What Is Resonance@)
2.2彎曲:畫共振結構的工具
(Curved Arrow:The Tool for Drawing Resonance Structures)
2.3兩大戒律
(The Two Commandments)
2.4畫好的
(Drawing Good Arrows)
2.5共振結構中的形式電荷
(Formal Charges in Resonance Structures)
2.6畫共振結構──一步一步來
(Drawing Resonance Structures — Step by Step)
2.7畫共振結構──經由認識模式
(Drawing Resonance Structures — by Recognizing Patterns)
1. 緊鄰π鍵的未共用電子對
(A Lone Pair Next to a Pi Bond)
2. 緊鄰正電荷的未共用電子對
(A Lone Pair Next to a Positive Charge)
3. 緊鄰正電荷的π鍵
A Pi Bond Next to a Positive Charge)70
4. 兩個原子間的π鍵,其中一個原子為陰電性(N, O之類)
(A Pi Bond Between Two Atoms, Where One of Those Atom Is Electronegative (N, O, etc.))
5. 繞著整個環的π鍵
(Pi Bonds Going All the Way Around a Ring)
2.8估計共振結構的相對重要性
(Assessing the Relative Importance of Resonance Structures)
第3章 酸—鹼反應(Acid-Base Reactions)
3.1因素1──電荷在哪個原子上?
(Factor 1 — What Atom Is the Charge On@)
3.2因素2──共振
(Factor 2 — Resonance)
3.3因素3──感應
(Factor 3 — Induction)
3.4因素4──軌域
(Factor 4 — Orbitals)
3.5評比四個因素等級
(Ranking the Four Factors)
3.6定量量度(pKa值)
(Quantitative Measurement (pKa values))
3.7預估平衡位置
(Predicting the Position of Equilibrium)
3.8反應機構表示法
(Showing a Mechanism)
第4章 分子幾何學(Geometry)
4.1各種軌域與混成狀態
(Orbitals and Hybridization States)
4.2幾何學
(Geometry)
第5章 命名法(Nomenclature)
5.1官能基
(Functional Group)
5.2不飽和狀態
(Unsaturation)
5.3主鏈的命名
(Naming the Parent Chain)
5.4各種取代基的命名
(Naming Substituents)
5.5立體異構現象
(Stereoisomerism)
5.6編號
(Numbering)
5.7俗名
(Common Names)
5.8看名字畫分子
(Going from a Name to a Structure)
第6章 構形(Conformations)
6.1如何畫紐曼投影式
(How to Draw a Newman Projection)
6.2各種紐曼投影式的穩定性排行
(Ranking the Stability of Newman Projections)
6.3畫椅式構形
(Drawing Chair Conformations)
6.4在椅式上放取代基
(Placing Groups on the Chair)
6.5環的翻轉
(Ring Flipping)
6.6哪種椅式較穩定?
(Comparing the Stability of Chairs)
6.7不要被命名法搞糊塗
(Don’t be Confused by the Nomenclature)
第7章 組態(Configurations)
7.1找出立體中心的位置
(Locating Stereocenters)
7.2決定立體中心的組態
(Determining the Configuration of a Stereocenter)
7.3命名法
(Nomenclature)
7.4畫鏡像異構物
(Drawing Enantiomers)
7.5非鏡像異構物
(Diastereomers)
7.6內消旋化合物
(Meso Compounds)
7.7畫費雪投影式
(Drawing Fischer Projections)
7.8光學活性
(Optical Activity)
第8章 反應機構(Mechanisms)
8.1彎曲
(Curved Arrows)
8.2的畫法
(Arrow Pushing)
8.3畫中間產物
(Drawing Intermediates)
8.4親核基及親電子基
(Nucleophiles and Electrophiles)
8.5鹼槓上了親核基
(Bases Versus Nucleophiles)
8.6反應機構內包含了區域選擇性
(The Regiochemistry Is Contained within the Mechanism)
8.7反應機構內包含了立體化學
(The Stereochemistry Is Contained within the Mechanism)
8.8反應機構清單
(A List of Mechanisms)
第9章 取代反應(Substitution Reactions)
9.1反應機構
(The Mechanisms)
9.2因素1──親電子基(受質)
(Factor 1 — the Electrophile (Substrate))
9.3因素2──親核基
(Factor 2 — The Nucleophile)
9.4因素3──離去基
(Factor 3 — The Leaving Group)
9.5因素4──溶劑
(Factor 4 — The Solvent)
9.6使用全部四個因素
(Using All Four Factors)
9.7取代反應給了我們一些重要教訓
(Substitution Reactions Teach Us Some Important Lessons)
第10章 脫除反應(Elimination Reactions)
10.1反應機構(E1及E2)
(Mechanisms (E1 and E2))
10.2因素1──受質
(Factor 1 — The Substrate)
10.3因素2──鹼
(Factor 2 — The Base)
10.4因素3──離去基
(Factor 3 — The Leaving group)
10.5因素4──溶劑效應
(Factor 4 — Solvent Effects)
10.6使用所有的因素
(Using All of the Factors)
10.7脫除反應──區域選擇性和立體化學
(Elimination Reactions — Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry)
l第11章 加成反應(Addition Reactions)
第12章 預測產物(Predicting Products)
12.1預測產物的幾個基本訣竅
(General Tips for Predicting Products)
12.2加緊練習
(General Practice)
12.3取代反應 vs. 脫除反應
(Substitution versus Eliminating reactions)
12.4向前看
(Looking Forward)
第13章 合成(Synthesis)
13.1一步合成
(One-step Syntheses)
13.2多步驟合成
(Multistep Syntheses)
13.3溯徑合成分析法
(Retrosynthetic Analysis)
13.4創造你自己的練習題
(Creating Your Own Problems)
習題解答
重要名詞英中對照